Francis Collins - PGH 400 Keynote Address on Global Health Initiatives free essay sample

MLA Gets With the Times

MLA Gets With the Times MLA Gets With the Times MLA Gets With the Times By Maeve Maddox Probably the biggest change in the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers has to do with the section. No more underlining I abandoned underlining for italicizing as soon as I got my hands on my first computer. That was in the 1980s. MLA has finally come round and recommends italicizing titles of books, periodicals, films, etc. No more continuous pagination All you have to do now is enter the volume and issue number for a scholarly publication. New Abbreviations Didnt you just hate it when your web source didnt include a publisher or date of publication? Well, there are abbreviations for those now: N.p. no publisher n.d. no date n. pag. no pagination (ex. online journals) NOTE to web publishers: if your site contains useful, accurate information, give researchers a break and provide a date and publisher. URL not compulsory A works cited entry for a website will include author, article title, and name of the website, but the URL is not mandatory. (Its probably still a good idea to include the URL for an obscure site.) Multi-media Markers A medium of publication marker goes at the end of every entry. For example: PRINT, WEB, DVD, TV. If the source is from the web, the marker is followed by the date of access. You can see some examples of entries typed according to the new guidelines a the Purdue OWL site. Annotated sample research paper that follows the new guidelines. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientWriting the CenturyDozen: Singular or Plural?

How useful is the concept of ideology for media analysis Discuss in Essay

How useful is the concept of ideology for media analysis Discuss in relation to soap operas - Essay Example As the strength of the British army grew weak in confronting an imposing German hostility, the military administration had to resort to Conscription as a means of restoring its strength. But a glimpse at the history of media in the backdrop of public administration and consumerism will show that the positive application of ideological propaganda is an exception than the rule. Almost every known media type is susceptible to ideological undercurrents, whether as a result of design or accident. The Television as a medium of communication and entertainment allows sophisticated application of ideological persuasion. It has to be remembered that television is a product of the twentieth century. The centuries prior to its invention were not devoid of prevalent ideologies or their imposition on the masses. However, the imposition of the desired set of beliefs and habits were achieved through brute force. These centuries saw colonialism at its peak; and where imperialism exists violence follows. But the twentieth century is different in that empires were giving way to independent republics, especially after the Second World War. Soap Operas, which form the bulk of cultural programming, are truly representative of the rest of the electronic media. A careful study of soap operas helps us understand media in general and media’s role as vehicles of ideological propaganda in particular (History Today, 10). The soap operas serve as vehicles of ideology in two different ways. The more obvious way is through advertisements and sponsorship. Advertisements are essentially messages to the target audience as to what is good for them, what is it they should aspire for, what it that will gain them respect, etc., is. Of course, the process is not based on force but manipulation and exploitation. In a study conducted by Cynthia Frisby for the Journal of Advertising Research, the relationship

E-commerce in Singapur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-commerce in Singapur - Essay Example In the essay "E-commerce in Singapour", the writer claims that the evolution of the Internet and powerful online technology has given way to a new area of commerce known as electronic commerce or e-commerce. E-commerce simply means doing business electronically. In other words, commercial activities are performed online such as buying and selling goods online, electronic funds transfer, and direct consumer marketing. With a large percentage of the population having access to the Internet at home and on the go, consumers are opting to shop online rather than going the conventional way to ‘brick and mortar’ shops. Today, e-commerce is proving to be a fast growing industry in Singapore with many aspiring entrepreneurs launching their business on the Internet. In order to compete with others and to increase market shares, the business organizations implement multiple technologies for shaping their core competencies and for achieving cost effectiveness. In this respect, e-com merce and e-business are two technological advancements which play very significant role in shaping modern trade. It has helped the managers in managing and controlling the challenging tasks of business activities. â€Å"According to Andersen Consulting, 80% of European top managers recognize the importance of e-commerce for their competitive edge – not only for marketing and sales but also for purchasing and procurement†. This paper will focus on the use of e-commerce and e-business in the retail industry of Singapore. ... include the importance and use of e-commerce and e-business in trade business by figuring out its multiple applications for retailing business activities. The third section will describe various issues and prospects of e-commerce and e-business for small and medium retail industry of Singapore. Finally, based on the analyses and findings from literature review, set of relevant recommendation will be offered for the retail industry of Singapore. The overall discussions and evaluation and will concentrate the on the thesis statement of this paper which is, ‘the use of e-commence and e-business will the small and medium retail industry of Singapore’. e-Commerce and e-Business in Trade and Business In the global business, the scope of e-commerce and e-business has been expanded tremendously. This has been possible due to increasing popularity and awareness regarding information technology and internet. â€Å"With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, dist inctions between traditional markets and the global electronics marketplace-such as business capital size, among others are gradually being narrowed down† (Kumar, 2009, p.38). These web-based information technologies are very important management tools in strategic positioning which help the business organisations to identify and grab the underlying opportunities. This is also very important for optimal utilization of human skills and other resources (Andam, 2003). In the business activities, e-commerce and e-business are very important for strategic positioning. e-Commerce and e-business are interrelated with other but there are some differences between these two from the business perspectives. Therefore, in order to better understanding, it is necessary to clarify these two terms. In the words

Neural Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Neural Network - Essay Example Last line means to say that if the letters are placed in some tilted position, then also algorithm must tackle this problem. Pattern Recognition or Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a pipelined process consisting of several stages in proper sequence. They are shown in figure 2. Each character is represented as a combination of pixels. All pixels together make a huge feature vector. Total number of pixels is equal to wh where w is the number of pixel in width side and h is the pixels present in height. Figure 3 depicts the way pixel forms one particular character. xi is the fraction of ink in pixel i. Classifier must be adaptive (generalize) in nature so that it can be able to recognize patterns encountering first time. A typical character image is 6464 pixels large and for each such pixel 256 grey values are required making feature space large. For training a recognizer hence, requires huge amount of data to fill this vast space. In order to reduce the dimension space Principal Component Analysis is mostly used which transforms into lower dimension space (Yeung & Ruzzu, 2001). OCR also should make a distinguishing between ‘O’ and ‘6’. Figure 4 shows one case example. If t/b comes smaller that means letter is ‘O’ otherwise ‘6’. A good algorithm must define the tolerance level (T) adequately. Other examples of such cases are letter ‘q’ and digit ‘9’. First identify the maximum rotation number whether it is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6. Then check any mirror is present or not (m). Is there any indecomposable glide reflection (g)? And finally whether there is any rotation axis on the mirror present or not. Other than this Genetic Algorithm also works as PR. Selection of patterns play an important role in PR process as it determines the accuracy of algorithm, its learning time, and the necessary number of samples. Best selection of feature plays important

Data flow diagram

Data flow diagram Data Flow Diagram DFD is a system modeling tool, the most popular and important representations in data flow modeling. DFD allows us to picture a system as a network of functional processes, connected to one another by pipelines and holding tanks of data. It is a structured, diagrammatic technique representing external entities, logical storage, data sinks and data flows in the system. You can also call DFD as: bubble chart, bubble diagram, process model, and work flow diagram. Data Flow Diagram Types Physical Data Flow Diagram: Physical data flow diagrams are implementation-dependent and show the actual devices, department, people, etc., involved in the current system. Logical or Conceptual Data Flow Diagram: Logical data flow diagram represents business functions or processes. It describes the system independently of how it is actually implemented, and focuses rather on how an activity is accomplished. The components of the data flow diagram (DFD) Processes: The basic processing items of a data flow diagram. They are used to transform incoming data flows into outgoing data flows. Processes that are not further decomposed have to be described by means of a textual specification. This text defines how the input data of the process are transformed into output data. Terminators: Data producers (data sources) or data consumers (data sinks) outside of the system Data flows: Logical channels (pipelines) in which data are transported; they are represented by arrows connecting the processes; Data store: Storage space from which data can be read with a time delay after writing them; without processing component. Data flow diagrams are useful if: you have lots of calculations to carry out You are familiar with data flow techniques in a method you have used repeatedly before. The approach to data flow diagramming should be as follows: create a data flow diagram for each of the major outputs of the system work back from the outputs to the inputs to construct the diagram add new objects where necessary to the object model as you discover the need for them in the data flow modeling add new operations and attributes to the object model as you discover the need for them in the data flow modelling Data Flow Description The data flow symbol is a line with an arrow showing the direction of flow. It should be named using words that are understood within the department or organization describing the data. The data that leaves one process is exactly that which arrives at the next process. An arrow usually at the end of the flow line indicates direction of flow. External Entity Definition The external entity is a source or recipient of data that is outside the boundary of investigation. The fundamental purpose of this symbol is to indicate that whatever happens at the end of the data flow, Entity Relationship Diagram A logical data model is documented as an entity relationship model supported by the data items for each entity (conventionally in the form of a Third Normal Form relation).Though the relationship among data store is not emphasized in data flow diagram, it is well reflected in ERD. ERD is one of the most useful model forming tools to organize this discussion. ERD is network model that describes stored data of a system at a high level of abstraction. For system analyst, ERD has a major benefit: it highlights the relationship between data stores on DFD which would otherwise only be seen in the specification process. The main components of an ERD include: Entity- a subject, a duty, or an event that has a significant meaning to the future system Attribute the characteristics of the entity displayed by fields or columns of a table. Relationship- There is 3 major types of relationship used in ERDs: One one relationship One many relationship Many many relationship Entity- is any type of object that we wish to store data about. Which entity types you decide to include on your diagram depends on your application. In an accounting application for a business you would store data about customers, suppliers, products, invoices and payments and if the business manufactured the products, you would need to store data about materials and production steps. Each of these would be classified as an entity type because you would want to store data about each one. In an entity-relationship diagram an entity type is shown as a box. There may be many entity types in an entity-relationship diagram. The name of an entity type is singular since it represents a type. Attributes-The data that we want to keep about each entity within an entity type is contained in attributes. An attribute is some quality about the entities that we are interested in and want to hold on the database. In fact we store the value of the attributes on the database. Each entity within the entity type will have the same set of attributes, but in general different attribute values. For example the value of the attribute ADDRESS for a customer J. Smith in a CUSTOMER entity type might be 10 Downing St., London whereas the value of the attribute address for another customer J. Major might be 22 Railway Cuttings, Cheam. Cardinality and Optionality The maximum degree is called cardinality and the minimum degree is called Optionality. In another context the terms degree and cardinality have different meanings. In [Date 4th ed. p240] degree is the term used to denote the number of attributes in a relation while `cardinality is the number of tipples in a relation. Here, we are not talking about relations (database tables) but relationship types, the associations between database tables and the real world entity types they model. Entity Descriptions CustomerInfo This entity is to store the personal Name, Address etc in to check in the Hostel. Stock This entity is to store the detail of stock items in order to check new item. Check In This entity is to store the Customer information that was get to the Room. Booking This entity is to store the Room that have been booking according to customers order. Room This entity is to store the Room information of the Hostel status. Sale Service This entity is to store the sale record of each customer and the item. Entity Life History The ELH technique is based on concepts developed by Michael Jackson for structured program design. The essential idea is that all data processing can be described in terms of sequence (order), selection (choice) and iteration (repetition) of processing components, which are derived from the data structures. In an ELH these ideas are used by analogy to model sequences, selections and iterations of events affecting an entity. In between the birth and death events there may be a number of life events. Jackson rules are observed in that the diagram shows that it is possible for there to be no changes between creation and end of life for a particular instance, as an iteration may occur zero, one or many times. Parallel lives are used when there are two (or more) independent sets of events that can affect an entity. As events from the two sets are not dependent on each other, but only on events from their own set, they cannot be ordered together in a predictable way. Quits and resumes are a means of jumping from one part of the diagram to another in order to cope with exceptional or unusual events. If used indiscriminately they can undermine the apparent structure of the diagram and make it more difficult to understand. Analysts should therefore use a quit and resume only when they are sure that there is no sensible way in which they can use normal Jackson structures to show what they want. Normalisation Any collection of attributes can be said to be either unnormalised or in a particular normal form depending on its compliance with the rules given below. Many normal forms have been defined. Codd originally defined first, second and third normal forms. There are some cases, particularly where keys are complex and contain many attributes, where further normalization may be required. For such cases, Boyce- Codd normal form, fourth normal form and fifth normal form also exist. In this book, normalization will only be covered up to the third normal form, since this is sufficient for most practical purposes. For further information about the other normal forms the reader is referred to Data (2000). Report for National Hostelling Association There are a lot of advantages when compared to the manual system and computer based system. Although our system is still window based.We will be able to room service, Ecommerce application in the future. We have made the information giving in our system easily understandable for new uses of the system. The display area of the store is not very large. It will only display a small section of the Room Other Sale Item that the Check in the Hostel room. My system will allow customers to choice rooms . This will allow customers to request room and service that are not on display. The customer can search the room by keyword or by category such as room,Booking No, CheckIn/Out etc or by charges. The charges will take the discount value for each invoice ie, the For manager, he will help with this activities during busy periods and will be responsible for the general management duties such as accounting, correspondence, staffing etc. The manager will also Booking and necessary from a number of customers and he will also decide which of the services will be discount prices to the customer. In order to do this, he will need the information from the system. The system also produce the monthly report in order to estimate the rooms status and the customer like and dislike of the services ie the c ustomer trend according to the season. These above information are explained about the functions of the National Hostelling Association. To have a successful system design for the National Hostelling Association, I have to study the manual system first. Then I draw the context diagram. The context diagram shows the entire system as a single process surrounded by the external entities. The National Hostelling Association, Context diagram represents data input and output flows. This make to concentrate or focus on the boundary to be investigated. This can give great help in discussing with the user on the scope of the system. Aims and objectives are given to the system so the system user cannot depart from the system needs. As the context diagram is drawn, the level 1 DFD are also easily drawn to make the system easy to look and to be understandable. This can enhance the clarity of the system to the user. Then I create a data model to support the system information. It points the ways how the data items are grouped together into entities and identifies the relationships between the entities. To get the attributes for the entities, I studied the manual records and the receipts of the National Hostelling Association. Additional characteristics such as the optionality and degrees of relationship are needed to identify for the entities. Then I studied how the entities change with time.ELH is described to know the creation of an entity occurrences, record the sequence of changes in the system during its life time and how it ends in the system. Then I do the normalization which provides the sound foundation for physical design which can be implemented as the database design. For database design, all entities are included in the data dictionary which is the sources of information of the system. Then, I create the prototype by using Visual Studio 2005. It includes searching for an item of National Hostelling Association. I also take the screenshots of the prototype and identify where the system needs the validation rule. All the tasks shown above demonstrate an understanding of the modeling and installation of the data driven system. They demonstrate the analysis and design of a system including the prototype use interface, training plans for the users. Preparation for the installation of the system In order to install the system, we first need to install the hardware first. Then we need to do the data entry for the items. We also need to install the software required to run the system. The requirements are as follows: Hardware Requirements Pentium IV or above Processors is C.P.U. 1.8 GHz or above. Memory (RAM) is 512MB or above. Hard Disk space is 1GB for my system and 10 GB for Operation System. Software Requirements Window XP Visual Studio 2005 Microsoft Office Word 2003 for reading Manual Guide

Prevention and Treatment for TB at Arequipa Sanatorium :: Tuberculosis Health Medical Essays

Prevention and Treatment for TB at Arequipa Sanatorium Arequipa Sanatorium and its â€Å"pottery† for tuberculosis treatment was founded in 1911 in the town of Fairfax, Marin County in the Northern Bay Area of California. [1] It was from the outset a private enterprise initiated by Dr. Philip King Brown. On October 22, 1913, a twenty-one year old housewife weighing 111 pounds, was admitted to Arequipa for â€Å"coughing on exertion.† When she was discharged home on February 28, 1914, she had worked at Arequipa Pottery over 105 hours, and had earned four dollars and five cents for it. She never gained more than three pounds and was probably discharged more for her lack of ability to work, than for being â€Å"cured.† A month earlier, the nurse Superintendent at Arequipa had written a letter to the Associated Charities of San Francisco, saying that â€Å"unless (the woman) is able to earn her way in the pottery, I doubt that we will be able to maintain her at the Sanitarium any longer.† [2] This young woman’s experience with sanatorium treatment at Arequipa, underscores a contradiction in the treatment of tuberculosis in the Progressive Era. Arequipa means â€Å"Place of Rest,† and while enforced rest was fundamental to Brown’s regimen, he also considered work to be therapeutic. Requiring work from patients helped â€Å"solve† the problem of how women of â€Å"modest means† could avoid destitution from their illness. It also helped Brown financially support his enterprise. The contradiction of using both rest and work as treatment at Arequipa provides a window into the complexity of health and social reform in the Progressive Era. In The Tuberculosis Movement, Michael Teller notes that in the mid 1800s the notion of the hereditary origin of TB â€Å"darkened every hope of prevention or cure.†[3] In her 1996 cultural history Fevered Lives, Katherine Ott, argues that the acceptance of TB after Koch’s discovery of the tubercule bacillus in 1882, transformed â€Å"consumption† into the specific and more clearly defined diagnosis of â€Å"tuberculosis.† In fact, sufferers and the public experienced these two conditions as two separate but related diseases.[4] Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in the Progressive Era, included both older ideas of the disease as hereditary and the new understanding that the disease was infectious. Without effective medical treatment and without a modern understanding of the dormant and active phases of the disease, eugenic ideas about pre-disposition to TB coexisted with limited and mechanical ideas about infection control.